Over the past decade, our understanding of the role of olfaction and chemical communication in human’s life has dramatically changed. A lot of convincing data have been collected on the effects mediated by human body odor. However, no specific substance or combination of substances has yet been identified as a human chemical signal or pheromone. The physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are still not fully understood. In this paper, we conducted a primary, systematic analysis of scientific literature on human chemical communication using the PubMed database. We selected 103 relevant publications and analyzed them according to various criteria, such as composition and concentration of putative chemical signals, the source of chemical signals; gender and age of participants, their health status; frequency of exposure to the signal, and whether habituation occurred; effects of putative chemical signals and the methods of assessment were investigated. The main limitations of selected studies included a focus on young, healthy subjects 18–49 years old in most cases, as well as a lack of testing for specific substances compared to natural body odor (sweat), which is associated with difficulties in finding suitable candidates. At the same time, a variety of methods were used in the reviewed studies. We conducted a search of the PubMed database which is one of the most comprehensive and widely available sources. Using strict search parameters, we obtained a fairly objective, albeit somewhat limited, assessment of published data on this topic.